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Bulk delivered and stored chlorine has long been the bane of commercial swimming pool operators’ existence. When it comes to keeping pool water sanitized, it works – very well. But it’s been a Faustian bargain because of chlorine’s inherent problems. At the corporate level, large hospitality chains are looking to salt-based water sanitization systems as the means to unshackle themselves from the bonds of traditional chlorine.

Chlorine’s problems fall into three broad categories: safety, water quality and cost.

Cost is always a concern of any business, and with the ability to crunch data down to the finest granular levels, business managers can quantify operational matters that had been based on evidence and strong feelings. Safety and water quality have cost implications when it comes to looking at chlorine.

Safety First

Straight chlorine in any form is unstable. Problems with railroad accidents involving tank cars with chlorine make national news reports as public safety officials decide whether to order evacuations of nearby homes and businesses.

More and more local governments are looking at safety when it comes to bulk chlorine delivery and storage – and that’s before any chlorine ever gets into a swimming pool. Some local governments are limiting the hours when trucks can deliver chlorine to commercial swimming pool sites to reduce the probability of accidents that could cause its release. Others are requiring the construction of separate, specially designed storage facilities for chlorine. The purpose of the regulations is to prevent a large release of chlorine gas.

Chlorine gas has a pungent odor, much stronger than the odor experienced in swimming pools. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), when people are exposed to it, they can experience:

• Blurred vision
• Burning sensation in the nose, throat, and eyes
• Coughing
• Chest tightness
• Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath if high concentrations of chlorine gas are inhaled
• Nausea and vomiting
• Watery eyes
• Wheezing

Additional problems are associated with swimming pools. Chlorine is added to pool water from inside the equipment room. Further, pools use muriatic acid to balance the pH in the water so that the chlorine can work effectively. In all too many cases, the work is done by lifeguards or by people who may not be properly trained in handling both chemicals. Any mishandling can result in the release of chlorine gas in an enclosed area, and effects can be exacerbated if ventilation is inadequate. In a worst-case scenario, mixing chlorine and muriatic acid in the wrong quantities can create a dangerous, noxious gas or cause a fire.

It should be readily apparent that safety problems have cost factors. Scheduling chlorine deliveries for non-business hours can be costly, and building special storage facilities can be costlier. Costs can escalate if chlorine causes an incident, including the direct costs associated with having to suspend pool operations and possible lost business.

Bather Comfort

Along with safety, bather comfort is leading hospitality chains to look at water quality and chlorine. The odor and burning sensation associated with chlorine in swimming pools that rely on straight chlorination.

Bathers generally notice irritated eyes, itchy or dry skin and bleached-out bathing suits – as well as the odor – from chlorine in pools. The odor can be especially strong in indoor pools.

When given the opportunity to bathe in pools that do not use straight chlorine, users report more satisfaction with pool conditions, including a preference for softer, more natural-feeling water.

The Saline Solution

To rise above chlorine’s shortcomings and to reduce costs, saline-based sanitization is gaining more traction. As a technology, it’s been around for nearly 200 years in the process known as electrolysis, in which an electric current is passed through saline water to produce chlorine.

Today, the same basic technology is used in saline chlorinators, one of the options today to sanitize commercial swimming pools. Small amounts of salt – the same chemical composition of table salt – are added to the pool’s water. The saline water is then passed through a chlorine-generating cell in a self-contained unit in the pool’s pump room. As low-voltage electricity is applied to the metal plates within the cell, the system produces chlorine, which is pumped back into the pool to kill bacteria, algae and germs. After it kills contaminates, it reverts back to salt and is recycled through the chlorinator to begin the process again.

Pools with salt chlorination systems require monitoring with the same equipment as used for chlorine-based systems. Occasionally, you will have to add salt to replace what is lost to splash-out, overflow and filter back-washing.

The size of a salt chlorinator will vary based on the volume of water to sanitize. Commercial units are available for spas and small pools holding 1,000 gallons to pools as large as 1 million gallons, and the concentration of salt is one-tenth that of sea water, approximately 3,500 – 5,000 parts per million (ppm) as opposed to 35,000 ppm. Salt chlorinators typically have a smaller footprint and use significantly less power than chlorine systems. Systems designed for commercial use can last for 10 years or more when properly maintained.

Second Saline Option

For pool operators who don’t want to add salt directly to the water, an onsite batch chlorine generator may be the solution to replacing chlorine. The latest improvements to onsite batch chlorine generators have dropped the cost for bleach production to $0.43 per gallon, less than a third of the cost of chlorine.

Onsite batch chlorine generators produce pH-neutral liquid chlorine (bleach) from salt stored in a feeder in the pump room. The system does not require salt in the pool and eliminates the need to add salt and test salt levels. Sized according to pool capacity, they work really well if a pool has heavy use or dilution, or if you simply don’t want a salt pool but still want the benefits of producing chlorine on-site. Skid-mounted systems use pool water, which eliminates the need to connect them to freshwater sources. Once the system is installed, owners have the ability to operate their pools as a traditional bleach or salt pool with the only cost being for salt and electricity. In other words, no risk of storing, handling or spilling chlorine.”

Both saline-based options can be used for retrofit projects. From an operating-cost perspective, the salt is less expensive than chlorine and not subject to the same price volatility or special handling and storage needs. Saline-based sanitization systems are appealing as an eco-friendlier option and can make your pool a lifestyle asset.

Whichever saline-based sanitization system you choose to replace a chlorine-based system, you will improve safety, water quality and cost-efficiency.